Driving Health Equity in the Workplace

它是什么?

深思熟虑的, 公平的 hiring 实践 ensure a diverse and inclusive staff that reflects clients and communities. 通过广泛的社区推广，有意采购是实现包容性的最佳途径. Good-faith marketing efforts may introduce people to opportunities at organizations they had not considered.

How does it impact health?

有福利的工作意味着有机会获得医疗保险, which is strongly associated with better health. 许多组织提供额外的福利，旨在改善身心健康, 注重健康的教育和激励计划.

How does it reduce inequities?

A greater diversity of people who have a chance for well-paying jobs can help reduce economic inequities that impact health and well-being. 它还为人们提供了一个机会，让他们感觉自己受到了重视.

How can employers act?

采取以下措施可以使招聘实践变得更加公平:

• Evaluate your organization with this simple question: Is your hiring reflective of the community?
• 建立雇佣社区员工代表的目标.
• Reach out to local organizations to find potential employees from groups historically excluded based on 比赛, 种族, 性别, sexual orientation, 年龄, 能力, veteran status or other factors.
• 为招聘经理提供培训，以减少在招聘和选择多样化人才时的偏见.
• Ensure oversight to ensure goals are met and necessary course corrections are made.
  • 这将需要实施收集和监测不同群体数据的过程.
• Benchmark against external hiring standards.
• 利用员工资源组来改进招聘过程.
• 通过提供可操作的下一步措施，将透明度与员工感知调查放在首位.
• 在招聘过程中回顾工作描述，确保他们强调了职位所要求的技能和能力，而不仅仅是正式的教育要求.

它是什么?

Employers should assess employee performance fairly based on their contributions, evaluating both results and how they were achieved. After standardized evaluations of all employees, leaders can begin to ensure evaluations are 一致的 and reward performance fairly and equitably. organizations should audit their approach to ensure certain populations aren’t unfairly evaluated.

How does it impact health?

Equitable evaluation leads to 公平的 compensation, 哪些可以有益于心理健康，并传递被重视的感觉. 相反, in公平的 evaluations and their outcomes lead to stress and can be viewed as harmful microaggressions. Microaggressions – everyday and often-subtle verbal, nonverbal and environmental slights, 怠慢或侮辱-可以是有意的或无意的.

How does it reduce inequities?

Auditing evaluation 实践 may give organizations the opportunity to challenge and change 实践 that are unfair to some groups. 例如, 如果女性被评价比男性低, leaders would need data-based explanations, and adjustments to ensure 股本.

How can employers act?

确保公平评价需要有意向, 承诺, hard work and relentless analysis. 对薪酬、加薪和晋升进行全面的比较可以使公平问题变得非常清楚. Regularly scheduled comparisons are recommended, based on 性别, 比赛, 种族, sexual orientation, 年龄, 能力, 退伍军人地位和其他可能存在不平等的领域. Another approach is to create a “talent task force” that assesses 公平的 representation in leadership. If not already doing so, 雇主也可以考虑使用详细的标准来评估员工和管理者的表现. Employers can also consider providing opportunities for mentorship and sponsorship.

它是什么?

Most people get health cover年龄 through employers. 然而, 并非所有雇主提供的健康保险都是一样的, 有些员工还必须应对保险不足等问题, 负担不起, and confusing terminology, 过程es and payment structures. Equity in employer-sponsored health insurance is foundational to 股本 in health, employment and society overall.

How does it impact health?

健康保险与健康结果密切相关. 没有保险的成年人更有可能没有通常的护理来源, are more likely to skip or postpone care, 一般来说，他们不太可能得到预防保健和其他服务. 例如, 在没有保险的人群中，只有大约四分之一的人血压得到控制.2%) vs. nearly half of those with private insurance (48.2%) or Medicare (53.4%).

How does it reduce inequities?

人们希望健康保险能够支付维持和恢复身心健康的合理费用. 雇主赞助的健康计划有权力和责任为所有参与者实现这一承诺, which means continually questioning and affirming 公平的 cover年龄 across the diversity of the population. 一些关于保险或报销的规定掩盖了更深层次的内在差异. 无论是由于成本、准入或其他障碍，拉美裔/拉丁裔(29.7%) and 黑色的 (14.7%) people are significantly more likely to be uninsured than white people (10.5%) in the United States.

How can employers act?

Employers can closely examine cover年龄 levels, ensuring equal access and thinking past traditional definitions of afford能力.

• Ensure adequate provider networks that ensure 公平的 access (beyond the limited definition of adequate typically set by states and employers).
• 确保对代表员工群体的供应商的访问.
• 确保所有提供者充分覆盖心理健康服务. 
• 努力使所有员工都能合理地负担得起医疗保险的各个方面. 例如, by adjusting monthly premiums, 免赔额, out-of-pocket maximums and copayments on a sliding scale based on employee income
• 确保在身心健康覆盖范围上的平等.
• 强调以价值为基础的服务，平衡临床效益和成本.
• Ensure determinations of medical necessity are made equitably for all employees.
• 定期评估雇主资助的医疗保险，以确保其满足雇员在支付能力和服务覆盖范围方面的需要. 
• Through collective action, employers can partner to lever年龄 their market power to influence changes in health insurance providers, such as greater transparency, 更好的价值, and improved data collection and man年龄ment.   

它是什么?

根据斯坦福公司治理研究计划, 84% of Fortune 100 CEOs in 2020 were white, and 93% were men. 在其他高级领导职位上，这一比例也类似. 确保领导层公平地由来自不同背景的人组成，并代表劳动力和社区是实现组织公平目标的关键.

How does it impact health?

确保高层领导(和中层管理)的多样性和员工和社区的代表性，表明雇主重视能力, 从历史上被排除在外的群体中，员工的观点和独特身份. This in turn can promote good emotional, mental and physical health, reduce chronic stress, and ensure specific health needs of employees from diverse backgrounds are understood and supported.  

How does it reduce inequities?

多元化的领导能够让历来被排斥群体的员工的声音得到倾听和尊重. 代表员工群体和社区的领导确保员工的观点和需求在组织决策中得到考虑和满足，例如福利设计, organizational policies and 股本 training.  

How can employers act?

帮助企业招聘的策略并不缺乏, 维持并公平地提升多元化的领导团队. 这通常从建立各种各样的候选人管道开始，当职位空缺最终出现时，他们就准备好了. Other strategies include removing bias from talent-acquisition 过程es and performance evaluations, and considering benefits that support the needs of underrepresented employees.

它是什么?

Historical 实践 have limited the 能力 of some people to accrue wealth because of their 比赛, 种族, 性别, sexual orientation, 年龄, 能力, veteran status and other factors. A survey by the Federal Reserve found that white 家庭 have 8 times the wealth of 黑色的 家庭, and 5 times the wealth of Hispanic/Latino 家庭. 

How does it affect health?

对于有工作的人来说，财务状况是降低日常忧虑和压力水平的最有力指标. 长期的压力, 从任何来源, 是一个公认的心理和身体健康不良的风险因素吗. 财务状况不佳也会影响雇员支付健康保险费用的能力. 

How does it reduce inequities?

对于历史上处于边缘地位的群体来说，克服收入和工资差距是一项挑战，特别是在受新型冠状病毒肺炎大流行和历史做法严重损害的种族和族裔群体之间. By providing supporting 项目 and benefits, employers can ensure 公平的 opportunity for employees to man年龄 their finances, 省钱, build wealth and ensure financial st能力.  

How can employers act?

专注于长期财务健康目标的计划和解决方案有助于为未来的财务健康做好准备. 但他们不支持员工应对严重的财务压力. 除非这种短期的严重财政压力得到解决, employees cannot and will not eng年龄 in 项目 aimed at long-term financial health. Practices to consider include: 

• 评价:
• 评估项目如何被用来告知如何更好地营销财务福利项目中可能存在的差异. 
• Survey employees to understand the state of financial well-being of the workforce.
• Emergency support/relief:
• 临时福利(儿童保育津贴和休假选择) 
• Emergency funding 项目
• 教育:
• Financial coaching 项目 (one-on-one support)
• 提供个性化教育的金融健康平台, financial fitness scores/profiles, 建立知识和提高意识的技巧和工具.
• Educational content that covers a variety of topics. 
• Employer benefits:
• Retirement plans with an opt-out design, and scaled employer matching based on income.
• 员工购股计划可能是财富积累的一大推动力. 
• Education funds (529 plans and children’s savings 项目) promote participation to plan ahead and ease future financial burdens.
• Payroll deducted low-interest employee loans.
• Communication and eng年龄ment strategies:
• Communicating financial security not as a journey. 
• 利用社交网络来鼓励和支持员工的财务健康之旅.
• 积极和充满希望的包容性信息和形象.

它是什么?

反种族主义指的是“有意识地频繁做出决定”, 一致的, 有意的, 公平的 choices daily.” Leaders must adopt anti-racism principles to actualize an organization’s mission, embody its values and attain 股本. That means wide-ranging change, including community eng年龄ment, employee benefits, talent recruitment and hiring at all levels, and appointment of its board of directors.  

How does it impact health?

结构性种族主义对健康和福祉产生不利影响. Well-being encompasses physical health, 心理健康, 社会关系和满足基本需求的能力. 促进资源公平分配的反种族主义原则, 获得机会和机会有助于员工的健康和福祉.

How does it reduce health inequities?

An organization’s history and present-day 实践, 程序, and policies may disadvant年龄 certain groups, directly or indirectly. Anti-racist principles can support employee well-being and promote 卫生公平 across the organization.

How can employers act?

Anti-racism policies have typically focused on benefits such as affordable and comprehensive medical plans, culturally sensitive 心理健康 care, 和带薪休假. 然而，其他政策和做法可以改善健康和福祉. Examples include:

• Proactively conducting workplace climate surveys to understand employee experiences and address concerns.
• Paying a living w年龄.
• Supporting employee resource groups.
• 建立辅导、赞助和领导发展计划.
• Providing tuition assistance.
• Investing in local community development in historically marginalized neighborhoods.

它是什么?

一个人能够获得较高的卫生知识水平, 过程, 了解并沟通做出适当健康决定所需的健康信息. 卫生知识普及一直与行为、结果和卫生保健成本有关. Employees who lack benefits literacy may be less likely to use available benefits, 还可以为他们不需要支付或支付太多的健康费用. 

How does it impact health?

研究表明，健康素养与多种促进健康的行为有关，比如多运动和吃更健康的食物. People with adequate 健康知识 are also less likely to delay or forgo 卫生保健 or report difficulty finding a 卫生保健 provider, 他们更有可能得到通常的照顾. 

How does it reduce inequities?

卫生知识普及与卫生公平直接相关. 不幸的是, 医疗保健系统是如此复杂，以至于工人和他们的家庭往往不了解他们的覆盖范围和成本. For a number of systemic and historical reasons, 黑色的, Hispanic and Spanish-speaking people appear to have lower 卫生保健 literacy than white people, 哪些可能进一步加剧卫生和保健不平等. 

How can employers act?

解决保健和福利文盲问题的第一步是了解问题的严重程度，不要假设雇员了解保健和保健的基本术语和概念. 医疗保健和员工福利的导航可能是复杂的、令人困惑的和令人生畏的. Providing a 健康知识 program can increase employee understanding and appreciation for the benefits provided and options available. 雇主应对卫生保健扫盲的考虑包括: 

• 了解你的员工，认识到在医疗保健和员工福利方面的导航可能是复杂和令人困惑的. 
• 授权员工参与并负责自己的健康和保健.
• Provide educational 项目, resources and tools.
• 让员工熟悉他们的财务责任和术语的含义，如自付最高额, 免赔额, prescription co-pays, 等.
• Communicate about benefits year-round, not only during open enrollment periods.
• 为福利专家提供机会，他们可以回答一般问题，也可以回答雇主的人力资源代表可能不太愿意问的问题. 
• 应用广泛的通信技术进行教育和支持, 认识到并不是每个人都对它们感到舒适或熟悉.  

它是什么?

Everyone should have time away from work, to rest and re-energize, spend time with 朋友 and loved ones, tend to health needs, volunteer for causes and any number of other activities that improve well-being. 从工作中抽出信誉真人赌场下注的能力会影响员工的敬业度, performance and speed of recovery from health issues.

How does it impact health?

健全的休假政策，为员工提供充足的休息信誉真人赌场下注，满足他们的休息需求，并管理好个人事务，可以创造一个更健康、更快乐的员工队伍, and advance 卫生公平 within an organization. Studies have shown access to paid family leave can have positive impacts on health such as reductions in low-birth weight and early-term babies and infant mortality; reductions in parental stress levels,; and improvements in the longer-term emotional health of children. 

How does it reduce inequities?

带薪休假可以提高经济稳定性，这对有色人种和残疾人有更有利的影响. 它还可以提高女性重返职场的可能性, 并支持那些照顾直系亲属和大家庭成员的员工.  

How can employers act?

雇主应考虑实施以下战略，以促进其组织内的卫生公平:

• Provide adequate paid time off for vacation, holidays, sickness and well-being.
• Provide access to robust paid family leave, driving better longer-term health outcomes and shifts in the parental expectations (e.g., more equal split of parental duties).
• Provide job-protected, paid caregiver leave to provide employees the flexibility to care for a sick loved-one without jeopardizing financial st能力.

它是什么?

Pay 股本 is fair compensation for similar work. 而薪酬不平等往往集中在当期收入上, 随着信誉真人赌场下注的推移，薪酬差距会扩大，并影响未来的收入潜力, including merit raises and retirement contributions. 与男性相比，女性的薪酬不平等已经得到了充分的证明. 最低生活工资指的是有足够的收入支付基本生活开支，并考虑当地的生活成本.

How does it impact health?

The links between income and health are well-documented; people with fewer resources face higher risk for disease, poor 心理健康 and shorter life expectancy. 工资不平等和缺乏基本生活工资会影响金融稳定. That may have indirect health impacts, such as being unable to afford medical insurance or foregoing 卫生保健 to avoid out-of-pocket expenses.

How does it reduce inequities?

Equitable pay can help reduce disparities in employees’ 能力 to afford necessary items such as housing, food and health insurance, and makes it easier to take care of their 家庭. While often thought of in regard to 性别, pay in股本 also significantly impacts people of color.  

How can employers act?

Ensuring pay 股本 and providing a living w年龄 are critical ways employers can advance 股本 and support employee well-being. Ways employers can act include:

• Ensure the organization adopts formal, written policies that commit to ensuring pay 股本 and providing a living w年龄.
• Proactively initiate systematic and regular pay 股本 audits to ensure sources of in股本 are identified early and promptly corrected.
• Evaluate and adjust w年龄s regularly to ensure all employees are paid a living w年龄. 
• Support increased living w年龄 and pay 股本 policies through your organization’s external advocacy efforts.  
• 确保特殊技能和能力，如多语言能力，得到公平的补偿.

它是什么?

员工援助计划(简称eap)长期以来一直是危机干预的一个来源. 传统的模式主要依赖于一个始终开放的呼叫中心. For the past few decades, many EAPs have expanded services (nutrition, 健康, financial and legal assistance). eap提供保密性，通常对所有员工开放, immediate family and all who live in their household. 

How does it impact health?

一个有效的EAP可以帮助解决不同种族成员所忍受的独特的、常常是创伤性的经历, 种族, 性别, sexual orientation, 年龄, 能力, veteran status or other groups. 随着心理健康作为整体健康的驱动因素越来越受到重视, the demand for EAPs will likely increase. 

How does it reduce inequities?

eap是帮助实现卫生公平的一个特别有力的工具. Their easy accessibility, broad mandate to help, 而在危机应对之外定位和区分自己的战略愿望，使他们成为帮助员工管理和应对不平等的理想人选.

How can employers act?

T在这里 are several ways for employers to start leveraging their EAP for the more 公平的 delivery of 健康 and 卫生保健:

• Simplify access to services. 
• 细分你的员工群体和目标信息. 
• Create a life-coaching intake protocol..
• 连接与员工. 
• Make sure your EAP delivers promised services well. 
• Continuous improvement.
• Assess the diversity of the EAP’s providers. 

它是什么?

员工参与决策是组织绩效和员工满意度的关键因素. Active and meaningful employee eng年龄ment helps organizations achieve their mission, execute on strategies and generate business results.

How does it impact health?

Effective and meaningful eng年龄ment can increase employee participation in workplace 健康 activities. It also helps employees create and maintain healthy behaviors at home and at work, and improves overall health and 健康. 参与还能提高处理正常工作场所压力源的能力.

How does it reduce inequities?

Workers who are eng年龄d and who perceive a sense of partnership make proud advocates, promoters and defenders of the organization. Elevating the employee voice ensures the opportunity to contribute to deliberation and decision-making and demonstrates partnership, 信任, 和尊重. 将雇员的观点纳入决策，包括全面参与和历来被排斥的个人的观点，并促进卫生公平

How can employers act?

为了确保有效和有意义的员工参与决策，包括:

• 培养包容、敬业和员工参与的文化. 
• Make active listening a priority. 
• 根据收到的信息，跟踪并反馈所采取的行动. 
• Adopt and ensure a principle of transparency.
• 发展机制，鼓励和允许员工参与决策，采取创新的方法来促进组织的卓越. 
• Recognize and reward inclusion and participation.  
• Involve employee resource groups in relevant organizational decision-making 过程es. 
• 与外部实体签订合同，该实体拥有处理员工反馈(保密)的基础设施，并对员工的关注和建议提供实时响应.

它是什么?

多样性, 股本 and inclusion training can include a wide range of activities. At its core it seeks to help employees better understand the value of lifting up the voices and perspectives of people with diverse experiences, 以及灌输组织价值观，比如尊重, 股本 and belonging.

How does it impact health?

Effective training can improve employee health by creating a great place to work for all and by reducing chronic stress caused by racism, 歧视, biases and microaggressions. 众所周知，慢性压力具有显著的, 对人们身心健康的负面影响.  

How does it reduce inequities?

通过培训培养员工和管理技能, 学习资源和持续的对话可以建立文化能力. 这有助于创造心理上安全的工作环境, 培养归属感，帮助员工学习如何从公平的角度看待政策和规范，以应对不平等, 歧视 and biases.

How can employers act?

Practices to consider include:

• Ensure diversity, 股本, 无障碍和包容培训得到必要政策的支持, 项目, 实践, 促进员工学习的结构和资源.
• 实施促进包容和社会正义的培训, and how to disrupt bias and dismantle institutional racism to build new habits and sustainable 实践.
• Deliver allyship training to empower employees and leaders to advocate for themselves and others.
• Embed leadership training for man年龄rs that builds healthy relationships and 信任, increases eng年龄ment and productivity, and helps leaders model inclusion.
• 为员工资源小组组长提供技能发展和培训的机会.
• Providing mentoring and sponsorship 项目.
• 定期加强培训，确保持续理解.
• Be careful in the framing to help employees understand the true value of diversity, 股本 and inclusion, rather than view it as remedial action.

它是什么?

供应商和承包商的整体构成很容易被忽视. 但是审查一个组织的供应商协议和采购合同, and the 过程es related to them, 能否迅速支持更公平的经济发展. It also can give supply chain access to businesses owned by historically underrepresented groups.

How does it impact health?

增加对历史上代表性不足的企业的投资，可以使它们为员工提供负担得起、质量更高的医疗保险和福利. It is well established that health insurance cover年龄 is associated with improved health outcomes, increased use of health services and an increase in health-promoting behaviors.

How does it reduce inequities?

投资为那些历史上被低估的群体所拥有的企业提供了收入机会. 反过来，这也可以为员工所在的社区带来好处. 让业务伙伴遵守股权标准可以放大下游的影响和多样性的实现, 股本 and inclusion efforts such as offering a living w年龄 and having 公平的 hiring 实践.

How can employers act?

After reviewing supplier contracts, 雇主应明确并提高授予妇女或历史上被低估社区的人所拥有的组织的合同份额的目标, including those that are often less visible, 比如LGBTQ社区成员拥有的企业. Ideally, those would be locally based. 所有的供应商, 应该对供应商和合作伙伴进行评估，以确保在多样性的视角下保持一致, 股本 and inclusion.  

它是什么?

Educational 项目 commonly aim to promote cultural competence as a means of decreasing health disparities and improving the overall quality of care. These 项目 generally educate people on cultural differences based on 比赛, 种族, 性别, sexual orientation, 年龄, 能力, veteran status or other factors.

How does it impact health?

负面的医疗保健遭遇会对患者产生持久的影响. 一项研究发现，接受调查的22%的黑人患者由于预期中的歧视而避免寻求医疗保健. A similar study found 23% of Native Americans reported 歧视 from 卫生保健 professionals, and 15% avoided seeking 卫生保健. Langu年龄 has a major impact on people’s health, well-being and quality of life.

How does it reduce inequities?

研究表明，未被充分代表的群体和多数人口之间在保健方面存在显著差异, 哪些可能对患者安全和预后有影响. Though the evidence base is not robust, 一些研究表明，提高文化能力的干预措施可以改善卫生保健的获得和结果.

How can employers act?

Implementing culturally and linguistically effective training for all employees, providers and vendors can help ensure all people have 公平的 access to 卫生保健 and are comfortable in seeking assistance when needed. Practices to consider include:

• Education about cultural effectiveness and humility, including assessment of one’s own values and biases.
• 关于如何优化沟通的组织政策和指南.
• 创造不同语言的资源，以解决和促进对各种文化信仰的接受.
• Use of interpreters, as needed.

它是什么?

美国.S. 人口在种族和民族上日益多样化. 随着你.S. 在人们的认同方面，世界继续多样化, t在这里 is a unique opportunity for communications that are representative of 和尊重ful to employees, 家庭, 朋友, colleagues and neighbors.

How does it impact health?

考虑文化适宜性的包容性沟通, diverse representation and accessibility can have direct and indirect impacts on people’s health. 不恰当的语言和缺乏代表会对员工的心理健康产生不利影响. Building communications that eng年龄 a diverse workforce can lead to increased knowledge and understanding of health and other benefits.

How does it reduce inequities?

Clear and inclusive communications can help to build 信任 and advance 卫生公平. 许多历史上被排斥在外的群体在媒体和其他交流中看不到自己或像他们一样的人, 因此，他们可能不太可能获得资源和利益. 

How can employers act?

雇主应该批判性地审查和提高其沟通的代表性和文化有效性, and consider implementing the following strategies:

• 努力在长期被排斥的群体中建立信任, being mindful of the mess年龄, messenger and perceived intent.
• Use an inclusive lens when developing communications. 确保视觉效果能够代表整个团队和社区.
• 避免那些强化基于种族的刻板印象的图片和视频, 种族, 性别, sexual orientation, 年龄, 能力, veteran status or other factors.
• Design simple and concise communications.
• 检查沟通、网站和其他与福利相关的文件，确保代词的正确使用. 在可能的情况下，避免提及他/她，使用更多的中性代词，如他们.
• Demand the same from the vendor partners. 他们应该大力投资于提高参与度.
• 在可能的情况下，让员工资源小组帮助制定战略、内容和监督.

它是什么?

The Affordable Care Act, also known as the ACA, 定义全面和可理解的健康保险覆盖范围，提供10个基本的健康福利:流动的, 紧急, 医院, 怀孕, 心理健康, 康复, 预防保健, 儿科护理, prescription drugs and laboratory services. 《信誉真人赌博下注》包括一些条款，使医疗保险更容易负担.

How does it impact health?

Health insurance increases access to 卫生保健 and makes it more affordable. 有证据表明，获得健康保险可以大大减少医疗债务，改善身心健康.

How does it reduce inequities?

《信誉真人赌博下注》实施后，缺乏保险和不平等现象减少了，不平等现象也减少了. But inequities persist. 没有医疗保险的非老年美国人的比例大幅下降, 从18岁.2% in 2010 to 11.1% in 2020. The proportions of Hispanic, 黑色的 and white Americans without health insurance were disparate in 2010: 32%, 20%, 和14%, 分别. All fell but remained disparate: 12% and 7% for 黑色的 and white Americans, 分别, in 2019. Similarly, rates of uninsurance in the LGBTQ community decreased from 34% in 2013 to 16% in 2020. In 2015, 10.4% of adults with disabilities were uninsured. 

How can employers act?

In states that have not expanded Medicaid, employers can advocate for doing so. 在所有国家, employers can advocate for premium subsidies to make health insurance affordable for middle-income people. Employers can also advocate for the permanent avail能力 of the enhanced premium tax credits (PTCs) passed as part of the American Rescue plan. 

它是什么?

Affordable housing is generally defined as costing 30% or less of a family’s income. 超过这个数字的家庭是“成本负担过重”的家庭，组成了37个家庭.1 million American households in 2019 (30.2% of households nationwide). 租房者比房主更有可能承受成本负担.

How does it affect health?

缺乏负担得起的住房导致住房不稳定，并迫使作出权衡，从而限制了其他促进健康的支出. People who face housing inst能力 are more likely to experience poor health. 在极端情况下，那些经历过长期无家可归的人更有可能生病和死亡.

How does it reduce inequities?

White households are more likely to have affordable housing than 家庭 of color. Among renters in 2019, 41.9%的白人家庭负担沉重，51个.9% of Latino households and 53.7% of 黑色的 households. 同样，2019年白人、亚裔、拉丁裔和黑人家庭的住房拥有率为73.3%, 57.3%, 46.3%, 42.8%, 分别.

How can employers act?

雇主可以提倡发展低收入住房, as well as low-income tax credits for housing. 他们还可以为关注住房的社区发展组织做出贡献. 

雇主可以倡导以租户为基础的住房券计划和“住房优先”的永久性支持性住房计划，以促进无家可归者和残疾人的健康公平.

雇主可以倡导的其他策略包括，在历史上被边缘化的社区进行负担得起的、环境友好的住房翻新，作为更新投资战略的一部分, as well as support for more multi-income housing plans in community redevelopment.

它是什么?

早期护理和教育主要有两种安排, 或ECE, 学龄前儿童(3岁和4岁)由父母或其他主要照顾者以外的人照顾和教育. 一种是以中心为基础的，包括托儿中心和幼儿园. 另一种是在孩子的家里或看护者的家里. 以中心为基础的护理往往质量更高，但更昂贵，也更难找到. On the other hand, 以家庭为基础的托儿服务通常更可能服务于有色人种家庭, low-income 家庭, 从事非传统工作的家庭和移民家庭. 

How does it impact health?

ECE affects children’s health through access to health services and exposure to infectious diseases, 或者通过教育或增加父母的就业和收入来间接实现. It can increase access to health screenings, 卫生保健, improved nutrition and other health promotion. But children entering ECE are also more likely to suffer respiratory infections and other infectious diseases in the short run. 欧洲经委会对健康的长期影响包括降低血压和吸烟, as well as improved self-reported health.

How does it reduce inequities?

在获得以中心为基础的高质量欧洲经委会方面存在不平等现象, 家庭处于或高于贫困水平的儿童中有57%上过学，而低于联邦贫困水平的儿童只有一半上过学.

Economic evidence indicates that t在这里 is a positive return on investment in early childhood education. 光是父母未来收入的增加带来的好处就超过了课程成本. 如果针对低收入或种族和少数民族社区, 欧洲经委会项目可能会缩小教育成就差距, improve the health of these student populations, and promote 卫生公平 

How can employers act?

Employers can advocate for increases in federal, 国家和地方对欧洲经委会的财政支持，以增加获得机会和提高质量. 

具体地说, 雇主可以倡导以中心为基础的幼儿教育计划(ECE)，以改善与长期健康以及社会和健康相关的教育成果 

它是什么?

Culturally and linguistically appropriate services, known also as CLAS, are respectful of and responsive to each person’s culture and communication needs. In 2013, 联邦少数民族健康办公室为卫生保健组织公布了15项CLAS标准. The principal standard is to: “Provide effective, 公平的, 可以理解的, 尊重优质的护理和服务，回应不同的文化健康信仰和做法, preferred langu年龄s, 健康知识, and other communication needs.其他14个标准来自三个主题领域:治理, leadership 和劳动力; communication and langu年龄 assistance; and eng年龄ment, continuous improvement and account能力. 

How does it impact health?

提高CAS的可用性可以提高护理质量. Measures have been developed to evaluate ad在这里nce to CLAS standards in ambulatory, behavioral health, hospital and public health settings.

How does it reduce inequities?

因为有色人种和资源不足的人群会因为语言而挣扎, literacy and other barriers, ad在这里nce to the CLAS standards can reduce disparities and increase 卫生公平.

How can employers act?

In purchasing 卫生保健 for their employees, employers can use the established measures to hold contracted 卫生保健 organizations accountable for ad在这里nce to the CLAS standards.

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它是什么?

Throughout the 新型冠状病毒肺炎 pandemic, the need for and value of a comprehensive and well-funded public health infrastructure has been clear. 人类的, 资金不足、公共卫生服务提供不足的系统造成的社会和经济影响是毁灭性的. 公共卫生系统必须得到充分的资源，以便更好地防范和应对下一次大流行.

How does it impact health?

Public health initiatives over the years have prevented innumerable cases of communicable and non-communicable diseases and saved countless lives. Public health also can improve health outcomes. 在20世纪，美国人出生时的预期寿命.S. residents increased by 62%, from 47.3 years in 1900 to 76.8 in 2000. 人口健康状况在每个生命阶段都得到了前所未有的改善. 预期寿命增加了近30年，这在很大程度上归因于公共卫生. 地方公共卫生支出每增加10%, 婴儿死亡和心脏病等可预防疾病导致的死亡, diabetes and cancer decrease on aver年龄 between 1.1%和6.9%.

How does it reduce inequities?

公共卫生在限制传染性疾病蔓延和非传染性疾病负担方面发挥着作用. Due to disproportionate exposure to health risks and in公平的 access to health and 卫生保健 services in communities of color, under-resourced communities and others, the extent to which these risk factors are addressed through science-based public health measures is the extent to which inequities can be mitigated. By supporting the public health system to adequately address communicable disease risk in the workplace, public transportation, and homes – with vaccines and non-pharmacological measures – and the non-communicable disease risk by assuring access to quality care to man年龄 obesity, 高血压, 和糖尿病, 可以减少接触健康风险因素方面的不平等现象，改善健康结果.

How can employers act?

雇主可以主张增加联邦政府对疾控中心的资助, which provides funding and other support for state and local public health 年龄ncies. Employers also can advocate for increased state and local funding to adequately staff and resource health data systems and surveillance, 准备, 预防和控制传染性和非传染性疾病.

雇主可以加入公私合作伙伴关系，通过生物识别筛查来利用内部数据收集, on-site health clinics, scorecards and other tools to support public health efforts through the provision of aggregate data to national public health surveillance systems.

Through their on-site clinics, 呼叫中心, 和劳动力, employers can also bolster public health response during emergencies by contributing their resources to support treatment and response efforts.